What does "track II diplomacy" refer to?

Track II diplomacy refers to informal dialogue and problem-solving activities that occur between individuals or groups, rather than through official government channels. This type of diplomacy often involves non-state actors, such as academics, former officials, NGOs, or private citizens, who engage in discussions aimed at resolving conflicts or fostering understanding between parties.

The essence of Track II diplomacy lies in its flexibility and the opportunities it creates for candid communication, which can be less constrained by political pressure and formal protocols that characterize official state negotiations. As such, this approach can help build trust, create networks for dialogue, and lead to innovative solutions that may later inform or complement official negotiations.

In contrast, other forms of diplomacy mentioned, such as formal discussions led by government representatives, focus on official negotiations, while symmetrical negotiations specifically refer to equal power dynamics between state actors. Public diplomacy is directed at engaging foreign populations, which is distinct from the informal and often behind-the-scenes nature of Track II diplomacy.